PDO::beginTransaction

(PHP 5 >= 5.1.0, PHP 7, PHP 8, PECL pdo >= 0.1.0)

PDO::beginTransaction — 启动一个事务

说明

PDO::beginTransaction ( ) : bool

关闭自动提交模式。自动提交模式被关闭的同时，通过 PDO 对象实例对数据库做出的更改直到调用 PDO::commit() 结束事务才被提交。调用 PDO::rollBack() 将回滚对数据库做出的更改并将数据库连接返回到自动提交模式。

包括 MySQL 在内的一些数据库，当发出一条类似 DROP TABLE 或 CREATE TABLE 这样的 DDL 语句时，会自动进行一个隐式地事务提交。隐式地提交将阻止你在此事务范围内回滚任何其他更改。

返回值

成功时返回 true， 或者在失败时返回 false。

范例

Example #1 回滚一个事务

下面例子在回滚此更改前开始一个事务并发出两条修改数据库的语句。但在 MySQL 中，DROP TABLE 语句自动提交事务，使得在此事务中的任何更改都不会被回滚。

<?php
/* 开始一个事务，关闭自动提交 */
$dbh->beginTransaction();

/*  更改数据库架构及数据 */
$sth = $dbh->exec("DROP TABLE fruit");
$sth = $dbh->exec("UPDATE dessert
    SET name = 'hamburger'");

/*  识别出错误并回滚更改 */
$dbh->rollBack();

/* 数据库连接现在返回到自动提交模式 */
?>

参见

User Contributed Notes

Sbastien 18-Sep-2021 12:34
A way to use transaction and prepared statement to speed-up bulk INSERTs :

<?php

// ...

$insert = $pdo->prepare('INSERT INTO table (c1, c2, c3) VALUES (?, ?, ?)');
$bulk = 3_000; // To adjust according to your data/system
$rows = 0;

$pdo->beginTransaction();
while ($entry = fgetcsv($fp)) {
    $insert->execute($entry);
    if (++$rows % $bulk === 0) {
        $pdo->commit();
        $pdo->beginTransaction();
    }
}
if ($pdo->inTransaction()) { // Remaining rows insertion
    $pdo->commit();
}
sasi dot viragelet at gmail dot com 17-Nov-2016 09:29
When transaction gets your enemy:

try {

$pdo->beginTransaction();

// ... whatever db actions you have and then:

$sql_insert = 'INSERT INTO a (a_id, a_name, a_date)
  VALUES (:a_id, :a_name CURRENT_TIMESTAMP)';

  $stmt = $pdo->prepare($sql_insert);

  $stmt->bindValue(':_id', $id);
  $stmt->bindValue(':a_name', $name);

  $stmt->execute();

  $pdo->commit();

} catch (\PDOException $e) {

  $pdo->rollBack();

  http_response_code(500);
  header("Content-type: text/plain");
  echo $e;
  exit();

}

Notice the sytax error? There's a missing comma that just slips through every gate of surveillance:

"...UES (:a_id, :a_name CURR..." :: between the to be binded value and current timestamp command. The missing comma will not generate any error no syntax error, no database error. Though this record will never or partially make it. This will just silently fail. The story gets rough if you build your other dependencies on the transactions unmovable foot-stones of trust.

Just imagine you have some basic records in your transaction that you really wanna ensure ends up correctly in your db. And these records have a foreign constraint relation with another record. (That of course if you'd include in the transaction would throw you a big red error(-for who don't get it: transaction will first attempt to write everything into a temporary place, where it will get checked before everything gets into its permanent place, so constraints cannot be checked for something that don't exist yet.)) So you have a constraint that's based on the trust PDO will throw an error if something gets screwed, so what, you'll just place that insertion after the commit was successful. (Without any doublecheck.)

What happens you will get some partial records in your database without a relation that just might be important. You will that way be able to build up very sophisticated strange behaviours in your application. So pay attention!
cristian at crishk dot com 01-Oct-2016 10:12
OK I'm finding a solution for "NESTED" transactions in MySQL, and as you know in the MySQL documentation says that it's not possible to have transactions within transactions. I was trying to use the Database class propossed here in http://php.net/manual/en/pdo.begintransaction.php but unfortunately that's wrong for many things related to the control flow that I have been solved with the following code (LOOK THE EXAMPLE AT THE END, CarOwner)

<?php

class TransactionController extends \\PDO {
    public static $warn_rollback_was_thrown = false;
    public static $transaction_rollbacked = false;
    public function __construct()
    {
        parent :: __construct( ... connection info ... );
    }
    public static $nest = 0;
    public function reset()
    {
        TransactionController :: $transaction_rollbacked = false;
        TransactionController :: $warn_rollback_was_thrown = false;
        TransactionController :: $nest = 0;
    }
    function beginTransaction()
    {
        $result = null;
        if (TransactionController :: $nest == 0) {
            $this->reset();
            $result = $this->beginTransaction();
        }
        TransactionController :: $nest++;
        return $result;
    }

    public function commit()
    {

        $result = null;

        if (TransactionController :: $nest == 0 &&
                !TransactionController :: $transaction_rollbacked &&
                !TransactionController :: $warn_rollback_was_thrown) {
                    $result = parent :: commit();
                }
                TransactionController :: $nest--;
                return $result;
    }

    public function rollback()
    {
        $result = null;
        if (TransactionController :: $nest >= 0) {
            if (TransactionController :: $nest == 0) {
                $result = parent :: rollback();
                TransactionController :: $transaction_rollbacked = true;
            }
            else {
                TransactionController  :: $warn_rollback_was_thrown = true;
            }
        }
        TransactionController :: $nest--;
        return $result;
    }

    public function transactionFailed()
    {
        return TransactionController :: $warn_rollback_was_thrown === true;
    }
    // to force rollback you can only do it from $nest = 0
    public function forceRollback()
    {
        if (TransactionController :: $nest === 0) {
            throws new \PDOException();
        }
    }
}

?>
kesler dot alwin at gmail dot com 05-Apr-2016 01:35
please fix in answer #116669:

    $this->exec('ROLLBACK TO trans'.$this->transactionCounter + 1);

with

    $this->exec('ROLLBACK TO trans'.($this->transactionCounter + 1));
steve at fancyguy dot com 08-Feb-2015 08:34
The nested transaction example here is great, but it's missing a key piece of the puzzle.  Commits will commit everything, I only wanted commits to actually commit when the outermost commit has been completed.  This can be done in InnoDB with savepoints.

<?php

class Database extends PDO
{

    protected $transactionCount = 0;

    public function beginTransaction()
    {
        if (!$this->transactionCounter++) {
            return parent::beginTransaction();
        }
        $this->exec('SAVEPOINT trans'.$this->transactionCounter);
        return $this->transactionCounter >= 0;
    }

    public function commit()
    {
        if (!--$this->transactionCounter) {
            return parent::commit();
        }
        return $this->transactionCounter >= 0;
    }

    public function rollback()
    {
        if (--$this->transactionCounter) {
            $this->exec('ROLLBACK TO trans'.$this->transactionCounter + 1);
            return true;
        }
        return parent::rollback();
    }
   
}
Steel Brain 03-Dec-2014 12:39
The example is misleading, Typically data definition language clauses (DDL) will trigger the database engine to automatically commit. It means that if you drop a table, that query will be executed regardless of the transaction.
Ref-Mysql:
    http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/implicit-commit.html
eddi13 28-Nov-2014 09:16
after TRUNCATE TABLE `table`  just as DELETE FROM `table`, so if whole table was deleted, aborts the transaction. And the rollback will not be passible.
arth dot inbox at mail dot ru 07-Apr-2014 08:53
Strange behavior with pdo_firebird driver:

<?php
$dbh = new PDO ('','','',array( PDO :: ATTR_PERSISTENT=>true));
$dbh->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE,PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION );
$dbh -> exec ( "select 1;" ); //should be autocommitted
try
{
   //$dbh->commit/rollback here fixes the issue;
   $dbh -> beginTransaction (); // <- fails "with there is already an active transaction"
   $dbh -> exec ( "select 1;" );
   $dbh -> commit ();
}
catch ( Exception $e )
{
  $dbh -> rollBack ();
 }
?>
mtjo62 at gmail dot com 03-Nov-2013 11:22
For the PDO driver for the  Firebird server, you have to explicitly disable autocommit to initiate the  transaction as well as explicitly enable autocommit to commit it.

$dbh->setAttribute( PDO::ATTR_AUTOCOMMIT, 0 );
$dbh->beginTransaction();

/** Query block */

$dbh->commit();
$dbh->setAttribute( PDO::ATTR_AUTOCOMMIT, 1 );
bitluni 16-Aug-2012 09:27
You can generate problems with nested beginTransaction and commit calls.
example:

beginTransaction()
do imprortant stuff
call method
    beginTransaction()
    basic stuff 1
    basic stuff 2
    commit()
do most important stuff
commit()

Won't work and is dangerous since you could close your transaction too early with the nested commit().

There is no need to mess you code and pass like a bool which indicate if transaction is already running. You could just overload the beginTransaction() and commit() in your PDO wrapper like this:

<?php
class Database extends \\PDO
{
    protected $transactionCounter = 0;
    function beginTransaction()
    {
        if(!$this->transactionCounter++)
            return parent::beginTransaction();
       return $this->transactionCounter >= 0;
    }

    function commit()
    {
       if(!--$this->transactionCounter)
           return parent::commit();
       return $this->transactionCounter >= 0;
    }

    function rollback()
    {
        if($this->transactionCounter >= 0)
        {
            $this->transactionCounter = 0;
            return parent::rollback();
        }
        $this->transactionCounter = 0;
        return false;
    }
//...
}
?>
ludwig dot green at gmail dot com 08-Jun-2010 09:23
be aware that you also can not use TRUNCATE TABLE as this statement will trigger a commit just like CREATE TABLE or DROP TABLE

it is best to only use SELECT, UPDATE and DELETE within a transaction, all other statements may cause commits thus breaking the atomicity of your transactions and their ability to rollback

obviously you can use DELETE FROM <table> instead of TRUNCATE TABLE but be aware that there are differences between both statements, for example TRUNCATE resets the auto_increment value while DELETE does not.
geompse at gmail dot com 28-Dec-2009 01:58
With Oracle, any structure statement will do an implicit commit.

So : ALTER TABLE "my_table" DROP COLUMN "my_column";
Can't be rolled back !

Hope this will save time for others
rjohnson at intepro dot us 11-Apr-2009 02:27
If you are using PDO::SQLITE and need to support a high level of concurrency with locking, try preparing your statements prior to calling beginTransaction() and you may also need to call closeCursor() on SELECT statements to prevent the driver from thinking that there are open transactions.

Here's an example (Windows, PHP version 5.2.8).  We test this by opening 2 browser tabs to this script and running them at the same time.  If we put the beginTransaction before the prepare, the second browser tab would hit the catch block and the commit would throw another PDOException indicating that transactions were still open.

<?php
$conn = new PDO('sqlite:C:\path\to\file.sqlite');
$stmt = $conn->prepare('INSERT INTO my_table(my_id, my_value) VALUES(?, ?)');
$waiting = true; // Set a loop condition to test for
while($waiting) {
    try {
        $conn->beginTransaction();
        for($i=0; $i < 10; $i++) {
            $stmt->bindValue(1, $i, PDO::PARAM_INT);
            $stmt->bindValue(2, 'TEST', PDO::PARAM_STR);
            $stmt->execute();
            sleep(1);
        }
        $conn->commit();
        $waiting = false;
    } catch(PDOException $e) {
        if(stripos($e->getMessage(), 'DATABASE IS LOCKED') !== false) {
            // This should be specific to SQLite, sleep for 0.25 seconds
            // and try again.  We do have to commit the open transaction first though
            $conn->commit();
            usleep(250000);
        } else {
            $conn->rollBack();
            throw $e;
        }
    }
}

?>
dbeecher at tekops dot com 20-Aug-2008 09:21
// If you need to set an ISOLATION level or LOCK MODE it needs to be done BEFORE you make the BeginTransaction() call...
//
//  **note** you should always check result codes on operations and do error handling.  This sample code
//  assumes all the calls work so that the order of operations is accurate and easy to see
//
//  THIS IS using the PECL PDO::INFORMIX module, running on fedora core 6, php 5.2.4
//
//    This is the correct way to address an informix -243 error (could not position within table) when there
//    is no ISAM error indicating a table corruption.  A -243 can happen (if the table/indexes, etc., are ok)
//    if a row is locked.  The code below sets the LOCK MODE to wait 2 minutes (120 seconds) before
//    giving up.  In this example you get READ COMMITTED rows, if you don't need read committed
//    but just need to get whatever data is there (ignoring locked rows, etc.) instead of
//    "SET LOCK MODE TO WAIT 120" you could "SET ISOLATION TO DIRTY READ".
//
//    In informix you *must* manage how you do reads because it is very easy to trigger a
//    lock table overflow (which downs the instance) if you have lots of rows, are using joins
//    and have many updates happening. 
//

// e.g.,

$sql= "SELECT FIRST 50 * FROM mytable WHERE mystuff=1 ORDER BY myid";                    /* define SQL query */

try                                                                                /* create an exception handler */
    {
    $dbh = new PDO("informix:host=......");
        
    if ($dbh)    /* did we connect? */
        {
        $dbh->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);
        $dbh->query("SET LOCK MODE TO WAIT 120")
       
        # ----------------
        # open transaction cursor
        # ----------------
        if    ( $dbh->beginTransaction() )                                         # explicitly open cursor
            {
            try    /* open exception handler */
                {
                $stmt = $dbh->prepare($sql, array(PDO::ATTR_CURSOR => PDO::CURSOR_SCROLL));

                $stmt->execute();
               
                while ($row = $stmt->fetch(PDO::FETCH_NUM, PDO::FETCH_ORI_NEXT))
                    {
                    $data = $row[0] . "\t" . $row[1] . "\t" . $row[2] . "\t" . $row[3] . "\t" . $row[4] . "\t" . $row[5] . "\t" . $row[6] . "\t" . $row[7] . "\n" . $row[8] ;
                    //print $data;
                    print_r($row);
                    };
               
                $stmt = null;
                }
            catch (PDOException $e)
                {
                print "Query Failed!\n\n";
               
                print "DBA FAIL:" . $e->getMessage();
                };
           
            $dbh->rollback();                                                       # abort any changes (ie. $dbh->commit()
            $dbh = null;                                                            # close connection
            }
        else
            {
            # we should never get here, it should go to the exception handler
            print "Unable to establish connection...\n\n";
            };
        };
    }
catch (Exception $e)
    {
    $dbh->rollback();
    echo "Failed: " . $e->getMessage();
    };
drm at melp dot nl 11-Feb-2008 06:37
In response to "Anonymous / 20-Dec-2007 03:04"

You could also extend the PDO class and hold a private flag to check if a transaction is already started.

class MyPDO extends PDO {
   protected $hasActiveTransaction = false;

   function beginTransaction () {
      if ( $this->hasActiveTransaction ) {
         return false;
      } else {
         $this->hasActiveTransaction = parent::beginTransaction ();
         return $this->hasActiveTransaction;
      }
   }

   function commit () {
      parent::commit ();
      $this->hasActiveTransaction = false;
   }

   function rollback () {
      parent::rollback ();
      $this->hasActiveTransaction = false;
   }

}
Anonymous 20-Dec-2007 07:04
beginTransaction will through a PDOException if you execute it while a PDO transaction is already active.  Additionally the PDO engine doesn't seem to provide any way of determining if there is a transaction "in flight" so if you might be calling a function from within another function that starts a transaction you'll have to wrap the beginTransaction () call in a try .. catch block.
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